MuChina, yainzi "qi," chiratidzo chehutano. MuIjipita yainzi "ankh," chiratidzo chehupenyu husingaperi. Kune vaFenikiya, kutaurwa kwacho kwaireva Aphrodite - mwarikadzi werudo nerunako.
Marudzi aya ekare aireva mhangura, chinhu icho tsika pasi rose dzakaona sechinhu chakakosha pahutano hwedu kwemakore anopfuura 5,000. Kana furuwenza, mabhakitiriya akadai seE. coli, zvipembenene zvikuru seMRSA, kana kunyange coronavirus zvikawira panzvimbo dzakaoma, zvinogona kurarama kwemazuva anosvika mana kusvika mashanu. Asi kana zvikawira pamhangura, uye mhangura yakaita semhangura, zvinotanga kufa mukati memaminitsi mashoma uye hazvionekwe mukati memaawa.
“Taona mavhairasi achingopararira,” anodaro Bill Keevil, purofesa wezvehutano hwezvakatipoteredza paYunivhesiti yeSouthampton. “Anowira pamusoro pemhangura uye anongoaparadza.” Hazvishamisi kuti muIndia, vanhu vanga vachinwa kubva mukapu dzemhangura kwezviuru zvemakore. Kunyangwe pano muUnited States, tambo yemhangura inounza mvura yako yekunwa. Mhangura chinhu chechisikigo, chisingapindi, chinorwisa utachiona. Inogona kuzviuraya yega pasina kushandisa magetsi kana bleach.
Mhangura yaibudirira zvikuru panguva yeIndustrial Revolution sezvinhu zvekushandisa pakugadzira zvinhu, magadzirirwo emagetsi, uye zvivakwa. Mhangura ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumagetsi—musika wemhangura uri kukura nekuti zvinhu izvi zvinotungamirira zvakanaka. Asi zvinhu izvi zvakabviswa muzvivakwa zvakawanda nekuda kwezvinhu zvitsva zvemuzana remakore rechi20. Mapurasitiki, girazi rakanyoroveswa, aruminiyamu, uye simbi isingatsvi ndizvo zvinhu zvemazuva ano—zvinoshandiswa pazvinhu zvese kubva pakuvaka kusvika kuzvigadzirwa zveApple. Mapazi emusuwo webrass nemaoko emaoko zvakapera sezvo vagadziri vezvivakwa nevagadziri vakasarudza zvinhu zvinotaridzika zvakanaka (uye kazhinji zvakachipa).
Iye zvino Keevil anotenda kuti yasvika nguva yekudzosa mhangura munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, uye kunyanya muzvipatara. Tichitarisana neramangwana risingadzivisiki rakazara nedenda repasi rose, tinofanira kushandisa mhangura muhutano, mukufambisa vanhu, uye kunyange mudzimba dzedu. Uye kunyange zvazvo zvanonoka kumisa COVID-19, hazvisati zvanyanya kukurumidza kufunga nezvedenda redu rinotevera. Mabhenefiti emhangura, akayerwa
Taifanira kunge takazviona zvichiuya, uye muchokwadi, mumwe munhu akazviona.
Muna 1983, muongorori wezvekurapa Phyllis J. Kuhn akanyora kutsoropodza kwekutanga kwekunyangarika kwemhangura yaakaona muzvipatara. Panguva yekudzidzira hutsanana paHamot Medical center muPittsburgh, vadzidzi vakapukuta nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana muchipatara, kusanganisira madhishi ezvimbuzi nemagunwe emusuwo. Akaona kuti zvimbuzi zvakanga zvisina utachiona, nepo zvimwe zvezvinhu zvacho zvaive zvakasviba zvakanyanya uye zvaikura mabhakitiriya ane njodzi kana zvikabvumirwa kuwanda pamaplate eagar.
"Machira emusuwo esimbi isina tsvina uye anopenya anotaridzika zvakanaka pamusuwo wechipatara. Kusiyana neizvi, machira emusuwo uye machira esimbi yakatsvuka anoita seakasviba uye anosvibisa," akanyora panguva iyoyo. "Asi kunyangwe kana asvibiswa, brass—alloy inowanzova 67% copper uye 33% zinc—[inouraya mabhakitiriya], nepo simbi isina tsvina—inenge 88% iron uye 12% chromium—haiiti zvakawanda kudzivirira kukura kwebhakitiriya."
Pakupedzisira, akapedzisa bepa rake nemhedziso iri nyore zvekuti hurongwa hwese hwehutano hunofanira kuteverwa. "Kana chipatara chako chiri kugadziriswa, edza kuchengetedza midziyo yekare yesimbi kana kuti idzokororwe; kana uine midziyo yesimbi isingatsvi, iva nechokwadi chekuti inopiswa utachiona zuva nezuva, kunyanya munzvimbo dzinochengetwa varwere vakakomba."
Makumi emakore gare gare, uye zvichibvumwa nemari kubva kuCopper Development Association (boka rekutengeserana kwemakambani emhangura), Keevil akasundidzira mberi tsvakiridzo yaKuhn. Achishanda murabhoritari yake nedzimwe dzezvirwere zvinotyiwa zvikuru pasi rose, akaratidza kuti mhangura haingourayi mabhakitiriya zvakanaka chete asi inourayawo mavhairasi.
Mubasa raKeevil, anonyika ndiro yemhangura mudoro kuti aichenese. Zvadaro anoinyika muacetone kuti abvise mafuta ari kunze. Zvadaro anodonhedza utachiona pamusoro. Kana hwaoma. Muenzaniso wacho unogara kwemaminitsi mashoma kusvika kumazuva mashoma. Zvadaro anouzunza mubhokisi rakazara nemagirazi nechinhu chinonyungudutsa. Mabhora acho anokwesha mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi mumvura, uye mvura yacho inogona kutorwa kuti ionekwe kuti iripo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, akagadzira nzira dze microscopy dzinomubvumira kuona—uye kunyora—hutachiona huri kuparadzwa nemhangura panguva yahunosvika pamusoro.
Anoti mhedzisiro yacho inoita semashiripiti, asi panguva ino, chiitiko chiri kuitika isayenzi inonzwisiswa zvakanaka. Kana hutachiona kana mabhakitiriya akarova ndiro, anozadzwa nemaion emhangura. Maion iwayo anopinda mumasero nemavirusi semabara. Mhangura haingourayi utachiona uhwu chete; inohuparadza, kusvika kuma nucleic acids, kana ma blueprints ekubereka, ari mukati.
“Hapana mukana wekushanduka-shanduka kwemuviri [kana kushanduka-shanduka] nekuti majini ese ari kuparadzwa,” anodaro Keevil. “Ndiyo imwe yezvakanaka chaizvo zvemhangura.” Nemamwe mashoko, kushandisa mhangura hakunei nenjodzi yekuti, ngatitii, kunyorerwa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya zvakanyanya. Ipfungwa yakanaka chete.
Mukuongorora kwakaitwa munyika chaiyo, mhangura inoratidza kukosha kwayo Kunze kwerabhoritari, vamwe vaongorori vakaongorora kana mhangura iine mutsauko kana ikashandiswa mune zvehutano chaihwo - zvinosanganisira makiyi emusuwo wechipatara, asiwo nzvimbo dzakadai semibhedha yechipatara, nzvimbo dzekuzororera maoko dzevaenzi, uye kunyange nzvimbo dzema IV. Muna 2015, vaongorori vaishanda pamari yeDhipatimendi reDziviriro vakaenzanisa huwandu hwehutachiona muzvipatara zvitatu, uye vakaona kuti apo alloys dzemhangura dzaishandiswa muzvipatara zvitatu, dzakaderedza huwandu hwehutachiona ne58%. Chidzidzo chakafanana chakaitwa muna 2016 mukati meyuniti yevana vanorwara zvakanyanya, iyo yakaratidza kudzikira kwakafanana kwehuwandu hwehutachiona.
Asi zvakadini nemutengo? Mhangura inogara ichidhura kupfuura purasitiki kana aruminiyamu, uye kazhinji inodhura kupfuura simbi. Asi tichifunga kuti hutachiona hunobva muzvipatara huri kukonzera kurasikirwa kwehutano nemitengo inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu emadhora pagore—tisingatauri nezvekuuraya vanhu vanosvika zviuru makumi mapfumbamwe—mutengo wekuvandudza mhangura hauna kunyanya kukosha kana tichienzanisa.
Keevil, uyo asisawane mari kubva kuindasitiri yemhangura, anotenda kuti mutoro wevagadziri vezvivakwa kusarudza mhangura mumapurojekiti matsva ekuvaka. Mhangura ndiyo yaive yekutanga (uye kusvika pari zvino ndiyo yekupedzisira) simbi inorwisa utachiona yakatenderwa neEPA. (Makambani ari muindasitiri yesirivha akaedza asi akakundikana kutaura kuti yairwisa utachiona, izvo zvakazoita kuti vabhadhariswe faindi yeEPA.) Makambani eindasitiri yemhangura akanyoresa alloys dzemhangura dzinopfuura mazana mana neEPA kusvika pari zvino. "Taratidza kuti mhangura-nickel yakanaka semhangura pakuuraya mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi," anodaro. Uye mhangura nickel haifanirwe kutaridzika sehwamanda yekare; haisiyaniswi nesimbi isina ngura.
Nezvezvimwe zvivako zvepasi rose zvisina kugadziriswa kuti zvibvise zvinhu zvekare zvemhangura, Keevil ane zano rekuti: "Usazvibvise, chero chaunoita. Izvi ndizvo zvinhu zvakanakisa zvaunazvo."
Nguva yekutumira: Mbudzi-25-2021