MuChina, yainzi "qi," chiratidzo chehutano.MuEgipita yainzi “ankh,” chiratidzo choupenyu husingaperi.KuvaFenikiya, nongedzero yacho yakanga yakafanana naAphrodite—mwarikadzi worudo norunako.
Aya magariro echinyakare aireva mhangura, chinhu chakaonekwa netsika nepasirese sechakakosha kuhutano hwedu kweanopfuura makore 5,000.Kana furuu, mabhakitiriya akaita seE. coli, superbugs seMRSA, kana kunyange coronaviruses akamhara panzvimbo dzakaoma, anogona kurarama kwemazuva mana kusvika mashanu.Asi padzinomhara pamhangura, nemhangura dzakaita sendarira, dzinotanga kufa mukati memaminitsi mashoma uye hadzioneki mumaawa mashoma.
"Takaona hutachiona huchingoputika," anodaro Bill Keevil, purofesa wezvehutano hwezvakatipoteredza paYunivhesiti yeSouthampton.Vanomhara pamhangura uye inongodzikisira pasi.” Hazvishamisi kuti muIndia, vanhu vave vachinwira mukapu yemhangura kwezviuru zvemakore.Kunyange muno muUnited States, tambo yemhangura inounza mvura yako yekunwa.Mhangura ndeye yakasikwa, passive, antimicrobial material.Inogona kuzvi-sterilize pamusoro payo pasina kudiwa kwemagetsi kana bleach.
Copper yakawedzera panguva yeRevolution Revolution sechinhu chezvinhu, zvigadziriso, uye zvivakwa.Mhangura ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya mumambure emagetsi — musika wemhangura uri kukura nekuti zvinhu zvacho kondakita anobudirira.Asi izvo zvinhu zvakasundirwa kunze kwezvivakwa zvakawanda zvekuvaka nefungu rezvinhu zvitsva kubva muzana remakore rechi20.Plastics, tempered glass, aluminiyamu, uye simbi isina tsvina zvinhu zvemazuva ano-zvinoshandiswa kune zvese kubva pakuvaka kusvika kune zvigadzirwa zveApple.Brass magonhi egonhi nemaoko emaoko zvakabuda kunze kwechimiro sevagadziri vezvivakwa uye vagadziri vakasarudza zvinhu zvinotaridzika (uye kazhinji zvakachipa).
Iye zvino Keevil anotenda kuti yave nguva yekudzosa mhangura munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji, uye kunyanya muzvipatara.Mukutarisana neramangwana risingadzivisike rizere nedenda repasi rose, isu tinofanirwa kunge tichishandisa mhangura muhutano hwehutano, kufambisa veruzhinji, uye kunyangwe dzimba dzedu.Uye kunyangwe zvanyanya kunonoka kumisa COVID-19, hazvisati zvanyanya kufunga nezvedenda redu rinotevera. Mabhenefiti emhangura, akaverengerwa.
Taifanira kunge takazviona zvichiuya, uye muchokwadi, mumwe munhu akazviona.
Muna 1983, muongorori wezvekurapa Phyllis J. Kuhn akanyora ongororo yekutanga yekutsakatika kwemhangura yaakaona muzvipatara.Panguva yekudzidziswa nezvehutsanana paHamot Medical Center muPittsburgh, vadzidzi vakatsvaira nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakatenderedza chipatara, kusanganisira ndiro dzechimbuzi nemapfundo egonhi.Akaona zvimbuzi zvaive zvakachena nemamicrobes, ukuwo zvimwe zvigadziriso zvaive zvakasviba uye zvakakura mabhakitiriya ane njodzi kana achibvumidzwa kuwanda pamapureti eagar.
“Makonhi esimbi asingasviki uye anopenya anopenya zvinotaridzika zvakachena pamusuwo wechipatara.Kusiyana neizvi, zvigubhu zvepagonhi nemapureti ekusundidzira endarira yakasvibiswa zvinotaridzika zvakasviba uye zvinosvibisa, ”akanyora panguva iyoyo.“Asi kunyange kana yakasvibiswa, brass—alloy inowanzoita 67% yemhangura uye 33% zinc—[inouraya utachiona], nepo simbi isina tsvina—inenge 88% iron uye 12% chromium—haimbotadzisi kukura kwebhakitiriya.”
Pakupedzisira, akaputira bepa rake nemhedziso yakapfava yakakwana yekuti hurongwa hwese hwehutano hutevere.“Kana chipatara chako chiri kuvandudzwa, edza kuchengeta simbi yekare kana kuti idzokororwe;kana uine simbi isina simbi, ita shuwa kuti inobayiwa utachiona zuva nezuva, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakanyanya kuchengetedzwa.”
Makumi emakore gare gare, uye zvinobvumwa nemari kubva kuCopper Development Association (boka rekutengesa indasitiri yemhangura), Keevil akasundira mberi tsvakiridzo yaKuhn.Achishanda murabhoritari yake nemamwe utachiona hunotyisa zvikuru munyika, akaratidza kuti mhangura haingourayi mabhakitiriya zvakanaka;inourayawo mavhairasi.
Mubasa raKeevil, anonyika ndiro yemhangura mudoro kuti aibvise.Ipapo anoinyika muacetone kuti abvise chero mafuta ekunze.Anobva adonhedza imwe pathogen pamusoro.Nenguva isipi inenge yaoma.Muenzaniso unogara chero kubva pamaminitsi mashoma kusvika kumazuva mashoma.Anobva aizunza mubhokisi rakazara magirazi mabhedhi uye mvura.Mabhero anokwesha mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi mumvura, uye mvura inogona kutorwa samples kuti ione kuvepo kwavo.Mune zvimwe zviitiko, akagadzira nzira dzemicroscope dzinomubvumira kutarisa-uye kurekodha-chirwere chetachiona chiri kuparadzwa nemhangura nguva yainorova pamusoro.
Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzika semashiripiti, anodaro, asi panguva ino, chiitiko chiri kutamba chinonzwisiswa nesainzi.Kana utachiona kana utachiona hukarova ndiro, inozara nemaion emhangura.Iwo maion anopinda mumasero nemavhairasi semabara.Mhangura haingourayi utachiona uhu;inoaparadza, kusvika kuma nucleic acids, kana kuti mapurani ekubereka, mukati.
“Hapana mukana wekuchinja-chinja [kana kuti mhindumupindu] nokuti majini ose ari kuparadzwa,” anodaro Keevil."Ndicho chimwe chezvakanakira mhangura."Mune mamwe mazwi, kushandisa mhangura hakuuyi nenjodzi, toti, kunyanya kutsanangura mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya.Ingori pfungwa yakanaka.
Mukuyedzwa kwepasirese, mhangura inoratidza kukosha kwayo Kunze kwerabhu, vamwe vaongorori vakatsvaga kana mhangura ichiita mutsauko kana ichishandiswa mumamiriro ezvehutano ezvehutano-izvo zvinosanganisira mapfundo emusuwo wechipatara kune zvimwe, asiwo nzvimbo dzakaita semibhedha yemuchipatara, muenzi- zvigaro zvemaoko, uye kunyange IV inomira.Muna 2015, vatsvakurudzi vanoshanda paDhipatimendi reDziviriro vakaenzanisa huwandu hwehutachiwana pazvipatara zvitatu, uye vakaona kuti apo masimbi emhangura akashandiswa muzvipatara zvitatu, zvakaderedza huwandu hwehutachiona ne58%.Chidzidzo chakafanana chakaitwa muna 2016 mukati mechikamu chekuchengetedza vana zvakanyanya, icho chakaratidza kuderera kunoshamisa kwehuwandu hwehutachiona.
Asi zvakadini nemari?Mhangura inogara ichidhura kupfuura epurasitiki kana aluminium, uye kazhinji inodhura imwe kune simbi.Asi tichifunga kuti zvirwere zvinotapukira muzvipatara zviri kudhura hurongwa hwehutano hwemadhora mabhiriyoni makumi mana nemashanu pagore-tisingarevi kuuraya vanhu vakawanda se90,000 - mari yekuvandudza mhangura haina basa kana ichienzaniswa.
Keevil, uyo asingachagamuchiri mari kubva kumhizha yemhangura, anotenda kuti mutoro unowira kune vagadziri vezvivakwa kuti vasarudze mhangura mumapurojekiti matsva ekuvaka.Mhangura ndiyo yaive yekutanga (uye kusvika parizvino ndiyo yekupedzisira) antimicrobial metal surface yakatenderwa neEPA.(Makambani ari muindasitiri yesirivha akaedza uye akakundikana kutaura kuti yaiva antimicrobial, izvo chaizvoizvo zvakatungamirira kuEPA faindi.) Mapoka eindasitiri yemhangura akanyoresa pamusoro pe400 copper alloys neEPA kusvika nhasi.“Takaratidza copper-nickel yakangofanana nendarira pakuuraya mabhakitiriya nemavhairasi,” anodaro.Uye nickel yemhangura haidi kutaridzika sehwamanda yekare;hazvizivikanwe kubva kusimbi isina tsvina.
Kana zviri zvimwe zvivakwa zvepasirese zvisina kuvandudzwa kuti zvibvise midziyo yekare yemhangura, Keevil ane chidimbu chezano: “Usavabvisa, chero chaunoita.Izvi ndizvo zvinhu zvakanakisisa zvaunazvo.”
Nguva yekutumira: Nov-25-2021